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50 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
50 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
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Course: PSYC10211 Introduction to Developmental Psychology
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---
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## 1. Research Method
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### 1.1. Naturalistic Observation
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Naturalistic observation is a research method where researchers observe and record behavior in natural settings without any intervention or manipulation.
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**Strengths:**
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- **Good ecological validity** - Observations occur in real-world settings
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- **Similar to "real-life"** - Behavior is studied in its natural context
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- **Can be used to study a range of behavior** - Versatile method applicable to various behaviors and settings
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**Limitations:**
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- **Hard to identify causal relationships** - With so many variables present, it's difficult to determine which ones specifically influence the behavior of interest
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- **Painstaking to administer** - Many behaviors occur only occasionally in everyday environments, reducing researchers' opportunities to study them through this method
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### 1.2. Interviews
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**Strengths:**
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- **Allows full focus on the individual's behavioral pattern** - Provides in-depth understanding of individual cases
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- **Follow-up questions can clarify earlier responses** - Enables deeper exploration and clarification of ambiguous responses
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- *Example:*
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- Experimenter: When Freddy said "Oh great!", did he mean it was nice or nasty?
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- Child: Nasty.
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- Experimenter: How do you know that?
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**Limitations:**
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- **Can be difficult to generalize beyond the individual case** - Findings may not be representative of broader populations
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- **Can be difficult to generate a causal argument** - Limited ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships
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- **Accuracy concerns** - Potential issues with recall bias, social desirability bias, or misinterpretation of responses
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### 1.3. Experiments
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The experimental method involves systematically changing one or more factors (independent variables) to determine whether these changes affect one or more other factors (dependent variables).
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**Strengths:**
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- **Can directly test relationships between variables** - Allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships
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- **Experimental control is relatively easy** - Researchers can manipulate independent variables and control extraneous variables
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- **High internal validity** - Ensures that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable
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- **Random assignment** - Participants have equal chance of being exposed to each level of the independent variables
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**Limitations:**
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- **"Artificial" technique** - May lack ecological validity unless using naturalistic experiments
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- **Sometimes not possible due to ethical issues** - Certain manipulations may be unethical to implement
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- **Practical constraints** - Some research questions cannot be tested experimentally
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- **External validity concerns** - Results may not generalize to other situations and people
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## 2. Variable construction
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