111 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
111 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
# Anthropology of pandemic preparedness and French socialism.
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——From Daniel Levy-Bruhl to Lucien Levy-Bruhl
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Frederic Keck
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## 《How French Moderns Think》Normal anthropology research on tribes while this time Frederic brings us a veiw of modern human
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- Socialism solution for the pandemic preparedness
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- humans and nonhuman
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## 《Unprepared》Andrew Lakoff, 2017: Genealogy of techniques of preparedness
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- democratic way in emergency plan
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- US anticipate a nuclear attack from USSR
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- later transfer into a health policy after the Cold War
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- People never prepared well enough, but technology of probability is not working in this occation
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-
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## Langmuir, Henderson and US Epidemic Intelligence Service
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- The mutation of nature is not able to be predicted
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## Daniel Levy-Bruhl and globalization of public health
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- Vaccinations for old decease
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- Not able to simulate but key to reduce the pandemic
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- No government can imagine it is able to lock down before covid-19
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- new technology by Internet is being used for statistics in human (actually also for animal)
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## Anthropology of pandemic preparedness in Hong Kong
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- regulations of wet live stock market in HK to manipulate the H5N1
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- SARS 2003 monitor the mobility to population
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- HK people fell them sentinent
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## 《Avian reservoirs》by Frederic Keck
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- Virus hunters and birdwatchers perceive early warning signals from birds through **sentinels**
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- **simulate** the movement of pathogens from birds to human through virtual softwares or realistic scenarios
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- **store** images and materialities from birds in banks or repositories
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- **Cynegetic power**: power to imitate animals and defer their death
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## Ontological turn in anthropology: how can humans say that they are birds?
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- 《Bororo are Araras》Mystical participation to the soul of the totemic symbol
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- Levi-Strauss《Savage mind》is attentive to signs in the environment
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- Viveiro de Castro & Descola: the hunter takes the perspective of the prey because they share interiorities
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- the relation between human and other animal is hunting, therefore human are the same kind of creature and the humanity is shared both human and animal
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## Why did Levy-Bruhl focus on the ontological statement 《Human are birds》
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- heritage of *drake is the fare*
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- evolutions comes from educations (socialism) intelligence servant
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- Levy-Bruhl travel to Asia 1920, communicating to the decolonization
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- Big vaccination in Manila by US, political
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- every society should has it’s own social Justis
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## Levy-Bruhl and the emergence of infections diseases
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## Conclusion
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危机准备主义，
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社会科学不应该是国家造物和社会控制手段，非理论武器
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We are a solidarity because we shared same deceases.
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《哨兵》
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---
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以下是关于“大流行防备的人类学与法国社会主义”主题的综合分析，结合弗雷德里克·凯克（Frederic Keck）、列维-布留尔（Lévy-Bruhl）家族及相关理论框架的讨论：
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### **1. 列维-布留尔家族的思想遗产与公共卫生**
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- **吕西安·列维-布留尔（Lucien Lévy-Bruhl）**
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作为法国人类学先驱，其《原始思维》提出“神秘参与”（mystical participation）概念，强调人类与自然、非人类存在的内在联系。这一思想影响了当代本体论转向，例如对“人类与鸟类共享存在本质”的探讨（如《Bororo are Araras》中的图腾认同）。
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吕西安的伦理学著作《Ethics and Moral Science》则暗示社会正义与集体责任的关联，为法国社会主义的公共卫生政策提供哲学基础——例如通过疫苗接种和全民健康覆盖实现“社会团结”。
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- **丹尼尔·列维-布留尔（Daniel Lévy-Bruhl）**
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作为现代公共卫生专家，其研究聚焦全球化背景下的疫苗分配与防疫技术。他在新冠前提出“政府难以预封锁”的观点，突显了技术模拟（如互联网统计）与政策实践之间的鸿沟，同时批判了概率模型在突发疫情中的失效（呼应安德鲁·莱考夫《Unprepared》中的“防备技术困境”）。
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---
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### **2. 法国社会主义与大流行防备的实践**
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法国社会主义传统强调国家主导的集体行动与社会公平，这在防疫中体现为：
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- **民主化应急计划**：如莱考夫所述，冷战时期美国的核攻击防备技术转化为公共卫生政策，而法国则更倾向于通过社会福利体系（如全民医保）减少健康不平等，以“社会缓冲”应对危机。
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- **哨兵技术与生态监控**：弗雷德里克·凯克在《Avian Reservoirs》中指出，法国科学家通过监测鸟类作为“哨兵”（sentinels）预测禽流感，这种技术结合了生态学知识与社会主义式的公共资源管理，例如建立病毒库和模拟病原体跨物种传播[citation:6]。
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---
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### **3. 本体论转向与非人类能动性**
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人类学中的本体论转向重新定义人类与非人类的关系：
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- **狩猎权力（Cynegetic Power）**：凯克提出，防疫专家通过模仿动物行为（如追踪鸟类迁徙）延迟病毒传播，这种“狩猎逻辑”既是对列维-斯特劳斯《野性的思维》的延续，也呼应了德斯科拉（Descola）“共享内在性”的理论——人类与动物因共患病风险而形成命运共同体[citation:6][citation:7]。
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- **香港案例**：通过活禽市场监管（如SARS后的H5N1防控），香港实践了一种“生态-社会”治理模式，将动物市场视为人与非人类互动的“临界空间”，需通过法规与技术干预平衡风险与生计[citation:6]。
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---
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### **4. 危机准备主义的批判与重构**
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- **技术局限与社会正义**
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莱考夫与凯克均指出，依赖概率模型和科技模拟的防备体系常忽视结构性不平等（如疫苗分配中的全球南北差异）。丹尼尔·列维-布留罗强调，真正的防备需基于“每个社会的独特正义观”，而非强加普世方案[citation:6]。
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- **社会科学的新角色**
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结论中呼吁社会科学超越“国家工具化”，转向跨物种团结的伦理构建。例如，吕西安的“神秘参与”可重构为“疾病共同体”意识——人类因共享病原体而与动物、环境形成脆弱纽带，这要求防疫政策兼顾生态修复与社会公平[citation:7]。
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---
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### **总结：从列维-布留尔到后疫情时代的启示**
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列维-布留尔家族的思想脉络揭示了法国社会主义与人类学在防疫中的交织：从吕西安的集体伦理到丹尼尔的全球卫生实践，再到凯克的哨兵技术，均强调**社会团结、生态敏感性与非人类能动性**的整合。未来研究需进一步批判技术中心主义，探索更具包容性的“多物种民主”（multispecies democracy）框架[citation:6][citation:7]。
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