2025-10-09 22:45:19

doc:
M Applied Psychology/What is “Wicked Problem”.md, R Research Method/Qualitative Research/Qualitative Research Designs.md Research Method/Quantitative Research/Quantitative Research Designs.md Research Method/Research in Fields/Research in Developmental Psychology.md Research Method/Research in Fields/Research in Social Psychology.md, A Research Method/Quantitative Research/Descriptive Analysis.md Research Method/Quantitative Research/Theories and Hypothesis.md Research Method/Quantitative Research/Variables.md

Research Method/Research in Fields/Research in Developmental Psychology.md

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+---
+Course: PSYC10211 Introduction to Developmental Psychology
+---
+## 1. Research Method
+### 1.1. Naturalistic Observation
+
+Naturalistic observation is a research method where researchers observe and record behavior in natural settings without any intervention or manipulation.
+
+**Strengths:**
+- **Good ecological validity** - Observations occur in real-world settings
+- **Similar to "real-life"** - Behavior is studied in its natural context
+- **Can be used to study a range of behavior** - Versatile method applicable to various behaviors and settings
+
+**Limitations:**
+- **Hard to identify causal relationships** - With so many variables present, it's difficult to determine which ones specifically influence the behavior of interest
+- **Painstaking to administer** - Many behaviors occur only occasionally in everyday environments, reducing researchers' opportunities to study them through this method
+### 1.2. Interviews
+
+**Strengths:**
+- **Allows full focus on the individual's behavioral pattern** - Provides in-depth understanding of individual cases
+- **Follow-up questions can clarify earlier responses** - Enables deeper exploration and clarification of ambiguous responses
+  - *Example:*
+    - Experimenter: When Freddy said "Oh great!", did he mean it was nice or nasty?
+    - Child: Nasty.
+    - Experimenter: How do you know that?
+
+**Limitations:**
+- **Can be difficult to generalize beyond the individual case** - Findings may not be representative of broader populations
+- **Can be difficult to generate a causal argument** - Limited ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships
+- **Accuracy concerns** - Potential issues with recall bias, social desirability bias, or misinterpretation of responses
+
+### 1.3. Experiments
+
+The experimental method involves systematically changing one or more factors (independent variables) to determine whether these changes affect one or more other factors (dependent variables).
+
+**Strengths:**
+- **Can directly test relationships between variables** - Allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships
+- **Experimental control is relatively easy** - Researchers can manipulate independent variables and control extraneous variables
+- **High internal validity** - Ensures that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable
+- **Random assignment** - Participants have equal chance of being exposed to each level of the independent variables 
+
+**Limitations:**
+- **"Artificial" technique** - May lack ecological validity unless using naturalistic experiments
+- **Sometimes not possible due to ethical issues** - Certain manipulations may be unethical to implement
+- **Practical constraints** - Some research questions cannot be tested experimentally
+- **External validity concerns** - Results may not generalize to other situations and people
+
+## 2. Variable construction
+